Cited Works

Altun, S., Abas, M., Zimmerman, C., Howard, L. M., & Oram, S. (2017). Mental health and human trafficking: responding to survivors' needs. BJPsych International, 14(1), 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1192/s205647400000163x

Baldwin, S. B., Miller, C. L., Maclin, B. J., Williams, S., & Stoklosa, H. (2023). Toward an Evidence-Based Framework to guide health care responses for patients impacted by human trafficking: Evaluation of the HEAL Trafficking Protocol Toolkit. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2023.2170693

Cavey, W. M., Lewis, S., & Carter, H. (2023). Health care professionals' self-efficacy in identifying and treating human trafficking victims. Nurse Education Today, 129, 105900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105900

Chambers, R., Greenbaum, J., Cox, J., & Galvan, T. (2022). Trauma Informed care: Trafficking Out-Comes (TIC TOC Study). Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501319221093119

Chisolm-Straker, M., Baldwin, S., Gaïgbé-Togbé, B., Ndukwe, N., Johnson, P. N., & Richardson, L. D. (2016). Health Care and Human Trafficking: We are Seeing the Unseen. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 27(3), 1220–1233. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2016.0131

Chisolm‐Straker, M., Singer, E., Strong, D., Loo, G. T., Rothman, E. F., Clesca, C., D'Etienne, J., Alanis, N., & Richardson, L. D. (2021). Validation of a screening tool for labor and sex trafficking among emergency department patients. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open, 2(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12558

DeFrank, J. T., Barclay, C., Sheridan, S., Brewer, N. T., Gilliam, M., Moon, A. M., Rearick, W., Ziemer, C., & Harris, R. (2014). The Psychological Harms of Screening: the Evidence We Have Versus the Evidence We Need. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(2), 242–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-2996-5

Donahue, S., Schwien, M., & LaVallee, D. (2018). Educating emergency department staff on the identification and treatment of human trafficking victims. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 45(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2018.03.021

Fracasso, J. L., & Ahmed, N. (2024). Trauma centers: an underfunded but essential asset to the community. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 9(1), e001436. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2024-001436

Geller, P., Murphy, L. T., Stoklosa, H., Bartovic, J., Halldorsson, H., Wolf, M., & Aguirre, I. Y. (2023). Health workers are in a unique position to help identify human trafficking. BMJ, p1745. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p1745

Goldstein, E., Chokshi, B., Melendez-Torres, G., Rios, A., Jelley, M., & Lewis-O'Connor, A. (2024). Effectiveness of Trauma-Informed care implementation in health care settings: systematic review of reviews and realist synthesis. The Permanente Journal, 28(1), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/23.127

Grace, A. M., Lippert, S., Collins, K., Pineda, N., Tolani, A., Walker, R., Jeong, M., Trounce, M. B., Graham-Lamberts, C., Bersamin, M., Martinez, J., Dotzler, J., Vanek, J., Storfer-Isser, A., Chamberlain, L. J., & Horwitz, S. M. (2014). Educating health care professionals on human trafficking. Pediatric Emergency Care, 30(12), 856–861. https://doi.org/10.1097/pec.0000000000000287

Harvey, C., Zirnsak, T., Brasier, C., Ennals, P., Fletcher, J., Hamilton, B., Killaspy, H., McKenzie, P., Kennedy, H., & Brophy, L. (2023). Community-based models of care facilitating the recovery of people living with persistent and complex mental health needs: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1259944

Heron, R. L., & Eisma, M. C. (2021). Barriers and facilitators of disclosing domestic violence to the healthcare service: A systematic review of qualitative research. Health & Social Care in the Community, 29(3), 612–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13282

Hsia, R. (2011). Possible geographical barriers to trauma center access for vulnerable patients in the United States. Archives of Surgery, 146(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2010.299

J. Heather, Clawson, Salomon, A., & Goldblatt Grace, L. (2008). Treating the Hidden Wounds: Trauma Treatment and Mental Health Recovery for Victims of Human Trafficking. In Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files//42706/ib.pdf

Kelly, K., Gibson, M., & Chambers, R. (2023). Resident Physician education in the Human Trafficking Medical Safe Haven. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 10. https://doi.org/10.1177/23821205231184013

Lorvinsky, J., Pringle, J., Filion, F., & Gagnon, A. J. (2023). Sex trafficking survivors' experiences with the healthcare system during exploitation: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 18(8), e0290067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290067

McGowan, D. A., Mather, C., & Stirling, C. (2023). Use of Social Determinants of Health Screening among Primary Health Care Nurses of Developed Countries: An Integrative Review. Nursing Reports, 13(1), 194–213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13010020

Mulvaney-Day, N., Marshall, T., Piscopo, K. D., Korsen, N., Lynch, S., Karnell, L. H., Moran, G. E., Daniels, A. S., & Ghose, S. S. (2017). Screening for Behavioral health conditions in Primary care Settings: A Systematic Review of the literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4181-0

Nikkel, M. (2025, April 5). Human Trafficking Survivor Health Effects. The Exodus Road. https://theexodusroad.com/human-trafficking-survivor-health-effects/

Polaris. (2018). On-Ramps, Intersections, and Exit Routes: A Roadmap for Systems and Industries to Prevent and Disrupt Human Trafficking. In Polaris. https://polarisproject.org/human-trafficking-and-the-health-care-industry/

Powell, C., Dickins, K., & Stoklosa, H. (2017). Training US health care professionals on human trafficking: where do we go from here? Medical Education Online, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2017.1267980

Pourmand, A., & Marcinkowski, B. (2022, April 18). Recognizing Human Trafficking Victims as Patients in the Emergency Dept. ACEP Now. https://www.acepnow.com/article/recognizing-human-trafficking-victims-as-patients-in-the-emergency-dept/

Roe-Sepowitz, D., Bracy, K., Gibbs, H., Stafford, R. L., Bernardin, B., & Stoklosa, H. (2024). PEARR tool training and implementation: building awareness of violence and human trafficking in a hospital system. Frontiers in Medicine, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1311584

Settipani, C. A., Hawke, L. D., Cleverley, K., Chaim, G., Cheung, A., Mehra, K., Rice, M., Szatmari, P., & Henderson, J. (2019). Key attributes of integrated community-based youth service hubs for mental health: a scoping review. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-019-0306-7

Shadowen, C., Beaverson, S., & Rigby, F. (2021). Human trafficking education for emergency department providers. Anti-Trafficking Review, 17, 38–55. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201221173

Shamsi, H. A., Almutairi, A. G., Mashrafi, S. A., & Kalbani, T. A. (2020). Implications of Language Barriers for Healthcare: A Systematic review. Oman Medical Journal, 35(2), e122. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2020.40

Simich, L., Goyen, L., Powell, A., & Mallozzi, K. (2014). Improving Human Trafficking Victim Identification - Validation and Dissemination of a Screening Tool (NCJ 246712). National Institute of Justice. https://www.dss.virginia.gov/family/trafficking/cwse4000/story_content/external_files/Improving%20Human%20Trafficking%20Victim%20Identification%20Screening%20Tool.pdf

Stoklosa, H., Grace, A. M., & Littenberg, N. (2015). Medical education on human trafficking. The AMA Journal of Ethics, 17(10), 914–921. https://doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2015.17.10.medu1-1510

Swinmurn, K. (n.d.). Barriers to Mental Health Services for Trafficking Survivors. Freedom Network USA. https://freedomnetworkusa.org/2024/10/01/barriers-to-mental-health-services-for-trafficking-survivors/

Additional Resources

For those interested in learning more about human trafficking and healthcare response, the following organizations provide valuable information and training: